Covering Contraception - A Benefit Guide For Employers

Contraception Basics
Who Covers Contraception?
Unintended Pregnancy
Contraception Saves Money
A Healthy Bottom Line
Benefit FAQs
Legal Issues

Glossary
Resources
Useful Links
About Us
Home
 
Footnotes

1. Smith, Kristin, Barbara Downs, and Martin O’Connell. (November) 2001. “Maternity Leave and Employment Patterns: 1961-1995.” Household Economic Studies. US Census Bureau. Washington, DC.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

2. Lyness, Karen S., Cynthia A. Thompson, Anne Marie Francesco, Michael K. Judiesch. 1999. “Work and Pregnancy: Individual and Organizational Factors Influencing Organizational Commitment, Timing of Maternity Leave, and Return to Work.” Sex Roles: A Journal of Research 41(7-8):485-508.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

3. Lyness, Karen S., Cynthia A. Thompson, Anne Marie Francesco, Michael K. Judiesch. 1999. “Work and Pregnancy: Individual and Organizational Factors Influencing Organizational Commitment, Timing of Maternity Leave, and Return to Work.” Sex Roles: A Journal of Research 41(7-8):485-508; Glass, Jennifer L. and Lisa Riley. 1998. “Family Responsive Policies and Employee Retention Following Childbirth.” Social Forces 76(4):1401-1435.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

4. Sonnenberg, Frank A., Ronald T. Burkman, C. Greg Hagerty, Leon Speroff and Theodore Speroff. 2004. “Costs and Net Health Effects of Contraceptive Methods.” Contraception 69:447-459.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

5. Bonoan, Rowena and Julianna S. Gonen. 2000. “Promoting Healthy Pregnancies: Counseling and Contraception as the First Step.” Family Health In Brief 3. Washington, DC: Washington Business Group on Health.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

6. Trussell, James, Joseph A. Leveque et al. 1995. “The Economic Value of Contraception: A Comparison of 15 Methods.” American Journal of Public Health 85(4):494-503; Sonnenberg, Frank A, Ronald T. Burkman, C. Greg Hagerty, Leon Speroff and Theodore Speroff. 2004. “Costs and Net Health Effects of Contraceptive Methods.” Contraception 69:447-459.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

7. Gold, Rachel Benson and Cory L. Richards. 1994. “Securing American Women’s Reproductive Health.” In The American Woman, 1994-1995, edited by Cynthia Costello and Anne J. Stone. New York: W.W. Norton.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

8. King, Leslie and Harrington Meyer, Madonna. 1997. “The Politics of Reproductive Benefits: U.S. Insurance Coverage of Contraceptive and Infertility Treatments.” Gender & Society 11(1):8-30.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

9. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2003. Birth Control: A Woman’s Choice. Washington, DC: ACOG.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

10. Food and Drug Administration. 2004. “Birth Control Guide.” (PDF) Washington, DC: Food and Drug Administration. Accessed December 1,2004. The rates refer to the percentage of women who become pregnant during the first year of use of a birth control method.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

11. Food and Drug Administration. 2004. “Birth Control Guide.” (PDF) Washington, DC: Food and Drug Administration. Accessed December 1,2004These methods are less effective for women who have given birth vaginally.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

12. Food and Drug Administration. 2004. “Birth Control Guide.” (PDF) Washington, DC: Food and Drug Administration. Accessed December 1,2004. These methods are less effective for women who have given birth vaginally.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

13. Sexuality Education and Information Council of the United States. 2002. “Contraceptive Update.” Siecus Report 31(2):24-27.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

14. Rosenberg, Michael, Michael Waugh and Michael Burnell.1998. “Compliance, Counseling and Satisfaction with Oral Contraceptives: A Prospective Evaluation.” Family Planning Perspectives 30(2):89-93.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

15. Food and Drug Administration “Birth Control Guide, December 2003” a supplement to “Protecting Against Unintended Pregnancy: A guide to Contraceptive Choice.” FDA Consumer Magazine 31(3):1997.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

16. Colli, Enrico, Donald Tong, Richard Penhallegon and Fabio Parazzini. 1999. “Reasons for Contraceptive Discontinuation in Women 20–39 Years Old in New Zealand.” Contraception 59(4):277-231.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

17. Burnhill, Michael. 1998. “Contraceptive Use: The U.S. perspective.” International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 62[Suppl 1]:S17–S23.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

18. Sonnenberg, Frank A., Ronald T. Burkman, C. Greg Hagerty, Leon Speroff and Theodore Speroff. 2004. “Costs and Net Health Effects of Contraceptive Methods.” Contraception 69:447-459.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

19. Sonfield, Adam, Rachel Benson Gold, Jennifer J. Frost and Jacqueline E. Darroch. 2004. “U.S. Insurance Coverage of Contraceptives and the Impact of Contraceptive Coverage Mandates, 2002.” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 36(2):72-79.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

20. Kaiser Family Foundation and Health Research and Educational Trust. 2004. Annual Employer Health Benefits Survey. Accessed November 15, 2004.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

21. National Women’s Law Center. 2004. Covering Prescription Contraceptives in Employee Health Plans: How This Coverage Saves Money. Washington, DC.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

22. See http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nsfg.htm. Accessed December 6, 2004.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

23. Brown, Sarah S. and Leon Eisenberg, Editors. 1995. The Best Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and the Well-Being of Children and Families. Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

24. Henshaw, Stanley K. 1998. “Unintended Pregnancy in the United States.” Family Planning and Perspectives 30(1):24-29 & 46.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

25. Brown, Sarah S. and Leon Eisenberg, Editors. 1995. The Best Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and the Well-Being of Children and Families. Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

26. Henshaw, Stanley K. 1998. “Unintended Pregnancy in the United States.” Family Planning and Perspectives 30(1): 24-29 & 46.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

27. Henshaw, Stanley K. 1998. “Unintended Pregnancy in the United States.” Family Planning and Perspectives 30(1):24-29 & 46.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

28. Data for pregnancy loss from Jiang, H. Joanna, Anne Elixhouser, Joyce Nicholas, Claudia Steiner, Carolina Reyes, and Arlene S. Bierman. “Care of Women in U.S. Hospitals, 2000.” HCUP Fact Book No. 3. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project data from the Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research (http://www.ahrq.gov/data/hcup/). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

29. Brown, Sarah S. and Leon Eisenberg, Editors. 1995. The Best Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and the Well-Being of Children and Families. Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

30. Valero de Bernabé, Javier, Trinidad Soriano, Romana Albaladejo, Margarita Juarranz, María Elisa Calle, David Martínez, and Vincente Domínguez-Rojas. 2004. “Risk Factors for Low Birth Weight: A Review.” European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 116:3-15.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

31. Brown, Sarah S. and Leon Eisenberg, Editors. 1995. The Best Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and the Well-Being of Children and Families. Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; Valero de Bernabé, Javier, Trinidad Soriano, Romana Albaladejo, Margarita Juarranz, María Elisa Calle, David Martínez, and Vincente Domínguez-Rojas. 2004. “Risk Factors for Low Birth Weight: A Review.” European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 116:3-15
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

32. Valero de Bernabé, Javier, Trinidad Soriano, Romana Albaladejo, Margarita Juarranz, María Elisa Calle, David Martínez, and Vincente Domínguez-Rojas. 2004. “Risk Factors for Low Birth Weight: A Review.” European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 116:3-15
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

33. Valero de Bernabé, Javier, Trinidad Soriano, Romana Albaladejo, Margarita Juarranz, María Elisa Calle, David Martínez, and Vincente Domínguez-Rojas. 2004. “Risk Factors for Low Birth Weight: A Review.” European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 116:3-15
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

34. March of Dimes. Prematurity: The Answers Can’t Come Soon Enough – The Cost of Premature Birth. Accessed October 18, 2004.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

35. Martin, Joyce A., Brady E. Hamilton, Paul D. Sutton, Stephanie J. Ventura, Fay Menacker, and Martha L. Munson. 2003. “Births: Final Data for 2002.” National Vital Statistics Reports, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 52(10):1-114.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

36. Martin, Joyce A., Brady E. Hamilton, Paul D. Sutton, Stephanie J. Ventura, Fay Menacker, and Martha L. Munson. 2003. “Births: Final Data for 2002.” National Vital Statistics Reports, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 52(10):1-114.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

37. Gilbert, William M., Thomas S. Nesbitt and Beate Danielsen. 2003. “The Cost of Prematurity: Quantification by Gestational Age and Birth Weight.” Obstetrics and Gynecology 102(3):488-492.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

38. Adams, E. Kathleen, Brenda Nishimura, Robert K. Merritt and Cathy Melvin. 2003. “Costs of Poor Birth Outcomes Among Privately Insured.” Journal of Health Care Finance 29(3):11-27.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

39. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, Public Law 95-555 and The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, Public Law 103-3.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

40. Smith, Kristin, Barbara Downs, and Martin O’Connell. 2001. “Maternity Leave and Employment Patterns: 1961-1995.” Household Economic Studies. US Census Bureau. Washington, DC.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

41. Commission on Leave. 1996. A Workplace Balance: Report to Congress on Family and Medical Leave Policies (PDF). Accessed October 21, 2004.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

42. Workforce Management. 2004 “Data Bank Annual Benefits.” December:91-135.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

43. Smith, Kristin, Barbara Downs, and Martin O’Connell. 2001. “Maternity Leave and Employment Patterns: 1961-1995.” Household Economic Studies. US Census Bureau. Washington, DC.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

44. Workforce Management. 2004 “Data Bank Annual Benefits.” December:91-135.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

45. Smith, Kristin, Barbara Downs, and Martin O’Connell. 2001. “Maternity Leave and Employment Patterns: 1961-1995.” Household Economic Studies. US Census Bureau. Washington, DC.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

46. Smith, Kristin, Barbara Downs, and Martin O’Connell. 2001. “Maternity Leave and Employment Patterns: 1961-1995.” Household Economic Studies. US Census Bureau. Washington, DC.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

47. Gjerdingen, Dwenda K. and Bruce A. Center. 2004. “First-Time Parents’ Postpartum Changes in Employment, Childcare, and Housework Responsibilities.” Social Science Research 34(1):103-116.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

48. Goetzel, Ron Z., Stacey R. Long, Ronald J. Ozminkowski, Kevin Hawkins, Shaohung Wang and Wendy Lynch. 2004. “Health, Absence, Disability, and Presenteeism Cost Estimates of Certain Physical and Mental Health Conditions Affecting U.S. Employers.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 46(4):398-412.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

49. Gjerdingen, Dwenda K and Debra Froberg. 1991. “Predictors of Health in New Mothers.” Social Science Medicine 33(12):1399-1407.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

50. Robertson, Emma, Sherry Grace, Tamara Wallington and Donna E. Stewart. 2004. “Antenatal Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression: A Synthesis of Recent Literature.” General Hospital Psychiatry 26:289-295.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

51. Stewart, Walter, Judith Ricci and David Morganstein. 2003. “Cost of Lost Productive Work Time Among US Workers with Depression.” Journal of the American Medical Association 289(23):3135-3144.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

52. The Alan Guttmacher Institute. 2000. Fulfilling the Promise: US Policy and Family Planning Clinics (PDF). Accessed 1/28/05
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

53. Abma, Joyce C., Anjani Chandra, William D. Mosher, Linda S. Peterson, and Linda J. Piccinino. 1997. “Fertility, Family Planning, and Women’s Health: New Data From the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth.” Vital and Health Statistics Series 23, No. 19. National Center for Health Statistics. Maryland: Department of Health and Human Services.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

54. Forrest, Jacqueline Darroch. 1993. “Timing of Reproductive Life Stages.” Obstetrics and Gynecology 82(1):105-111.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

55. Planned Parenthood Federation of America. 2004. Facts About Birth Control. Accessed 12/29/04
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

56. Finch, Ronald, Ian Dixon, Kathryn Phillips, Christopher Schembri, and Courtney Rees. 2005. Improving Health, Improving Business: The Employers Guide to Health Improvement and Preventive Services. Washington, DC: National Business Group on Health.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

57. Henshaw, Stanley K. 1998. “Unintended Pregnancy in the United States.” Family Planning and Perspectives 30(1): 24-29 & 46.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

58. Trussell, James, Joseph A. Leveque et al. 1995. “The Economic Value of Contraception: A Comparison of 15 Methods.” American Journal of Public Health 85(4):494-503.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

59. Sonnenberg, Frank A., Ronald T. Burkman, C. Greg Hagerty, Leon Speroff and Theodore Speroff. 2004. “Costs and Net Health Effects of Contraceptive Methods.” Contraception 69:447-459.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

60. Henshaw, Stanley K. 1998. “Unintended Pregnancy in the United States.” Family Planning and Perspectives 30(1): 24-29 & 46.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

61. Darroch, Jacqueline E. 1998. Cost to Employer Health Plans of Covering Contraceptives: Summary Methodology and Background. Alan Guttmacher Institute. Accessed December 1, 2004. Adjusted for 2005 dollars using NASA Inflation Calculator.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

62. Kurth, Ann, Marcia Weaver, David Lockhart and Lori Bielinski. 2004. “The Benefit of Health Insurance Coverage of Contraceptives in a Population-Based Sample.” American Journal of Public Health 94(8):1330-1332.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

63. Kurth, Ann, Marcia Weaver, David Lockhart and Lori Bielinski. 2004. “The Benefit of Health Insurance Coverage of Contraceptives in a Population-Based Sample.” American Journal of Public Health 94(8):1330-1332.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

64. The National Business Group on Health (formerly The Washington Business Group on Health). 2000. Promoting Health Pregnancies: Counseling and Contraception as the First Step.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

65. Colli, Enrico, Donald Tong, Richard Penhallegon and Fabio Parazzini. 1999. “Reasons for Contraceptive Discontinuation in Women 20–39 Years Old in New Zealand.” Contraception 59(4):277-231.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

66. National Family Planning and Reproductive Health Association. Emergency Contraception. Accesses February 7, 2005.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

67. Association of Reproductive Health Professionals. Comparing Key Factors of Birth Control. Updated October 20, 2004. Accessed January 31, 2005.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

68. Association of Reproductive Health Professionals. Comparing Key Factors of Birth Control. Updated October 20, 2004. Accessed January 31, 2005.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

69. Henshaw, Stanley K. and Lawrence B. Finer. 2003. “The Accessibility of Abortion Services In the United States, 2001.” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 35(10): 16-24.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

70. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project data from the Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research (http://www.ahrq.gov/data/hcup/).
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

71. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project data from the Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research (http://www.ahrq.gov/data/hcup/).
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

72. Finch, Ronald, Ian Dixon, Kathryn Phillips, Christopher Schembri, and Courtney Rees. 2005. Improving Health, Improving Business: The Employers Guide to Health Improvement and Preventive Services. Washington, DC: National Business Group on Health.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

73. Sonfield, Adam, Rachel Benson Gold, Jennifer J. Frost and Jacqueline E. Darroch. 2004. “U.S. Insurance Coverage of Contraceptives and the Impact of Contraceptive Coverage Mandates, 2002.” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 36(2):72-79.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

74. Erickson v. Bartell Drug Co., 141 F. Supp. 2d 1266 (W.D. Wash 2001).
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

75. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010. (Conference Edition, In Two Volumes) Washington, DC: January 2000, Objectives 9-13.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

76. The definition comes from the National Survey of Family Growth, which serves as a comprehensive source of information on pregnancy and contraceptive use among reproductive-age women in the United States. For five decades this federally funded survey has gathered information from women about their intentions at the time they became pregnant.
< BACK   ^ TOP OF PAGE

 
 


This website was created by the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health.